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Namri Songtsen
Namri Songtsen (),〔Stein (1972), p. 298.〕 also known as "Namri Löntsen" () (570?–618?/629) was, according to tradition, the 32nd King of Tibet of the Yarlung Dynasty, which until his reign ruled only the Yarlung Valley. He expanded his kingdom to rule the central part of the Tibetan Plateau. His actions were decisive in the setting up of the Tibetan Empire (7th century), to which he can be named co-founder with his son, Songtsän Gampo.
== Context ==
Namri Songtsen was a member of the Yarlung tribe, located to the southeast of Lhasa, in the fertile Yarlung Valley〔Kolmaš, 1967, p.5〕 where the Tsangpo (known in India as the Brahmaputra) supported both agriculture and human life. The Tibetan plateau was, at this time, a mosaic of clans of mountain shepherds with simple nomadic organizations〔 where inter-tribal fighting and razzia sorties are part of the local economy.〔Robert Brainerd Ekvall, ''Fields on the hoof: nexus of Tibetan nomadic pastoralism,''Waveland Press, 1983 pp. 52-3.〕 Each clan had several chiefs. These clans had few material and cultural exchanges according to topography, climate, and distances, which means that each clan, located in a specified network of valleys, had its own culture with little in common with other clans.〔 These "proto-Tibetans" were isolated from relations with the outside world, though some mountain groups to the east in Sichuan, Qinghai and the 'Azha kingdom dwelt in border areas contiguous with, or within, the Chinese empire.〔Kolmaš, 1967, p.?〕 Early Chinese sources appear to mention proto-Tibetan peoples in a few rare cases, if the Qiang and Rong do indeed refer to them.〔Kolmaš, 1967, p.2 : The 羌 (Qiang) and 戎 (Rong) appear on oracle bones as early as the 13th and 12th century BC.〕 This changed dramatically by the beginning of Tang Dynasty, the Tibetan kingdom becoming a powerful player in the military history of Eastern and Central Asia.
Several Tibetan historical accounts say that it was in Namri Songtsen's time that Tibetans obtained their first knowledge of astrology and medicine from China.〔Bsod-nams-rgyal-mtshan (Sa-skya-pa Bla-ma Dam-pa),''The clear mirror'':
a traditional account of Tibet's golden age, tr. McComas Taylor and Lama Choedak Yuthok, Snow Lion Publications, 1996 p.90.〕 Others associate the introduction of these sciences with his son.〔Rolf Alfred Stein, ''Tibetan Civilization,'' Stanford University Press, 1972 p. 51.〕 In the period, knowledge of these and other sciences came from a variety of countries, not only from China,〔Jean-Claude Martzloff, ''A history of chinese mathematics,'' Springer 206 p.110.〕 but also from Buddhist India, Byzantium,〔Dan Martin, 'Greek and Islamic Medicines' Historical Contact with Tibet: A Reassessment in View of Recently Available but Relatively Early Sources on Tibetan Medical Eclecticism'' in Anna Akasoy, Charles Burnett, Ronit Yoeli-Tlalim (eds.)''Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes,'' Ashgate 2011,pp.117-144, p. 128.〕〔Christopher I. Beckwith, 'The Introduction of Greek Medicine into Tibet in the Seventh and Eighth Centuries,' in ''Journal of the American Oriental Society,'' 99:2 (1979) pp. 297-313.〕 Central Asia〔Henk Blezer et al., 'Brief Outlook:Desiderata in the Study of the History of Tibetan Medicine,' in Mona Schrempf (ed.) ''Soundings in Tibetan medicine: anthropological and historical perspectives,'' Brill, 207 pp. 427-437, p. 430 n.5.〕
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